The Utility of Social Interventions in Reducing Criminality in Young Offenders - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2384 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Sociology Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? There are a number of relevant factors for re-incarceration rates and criminality among youth offenders. For example, having a substantial history of adverse childhood experiences has been shown to increase the likelihood that a young offender will be re-incarcerated (Hawthorne et al., 2012). Maltreatment by caregivers and neglect, specifically, have been shown to increase recidivism rates for youth (Spinhoven et al., 2010). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Utility of Social Interventions in Reducing Criminality in Young Offenders" essay for you Create order Moreover, a criminogenic environment after the original detention of the young offender and a lack of aftercare each have been shown to increase the chance of re-incarceration among young offenders (Farrall, Bottoms Shapland, 2011). Thus, there are a number of considerable social factors that contribute to the re-incarceration of youth offenders. Given such social factors, it is important for researchers to reveal the utility in social interventions, specifically in relation to incarceration rates and criminality. Concerning psychology specifically, there are a number of benefits to social interventions for youth offenders. This project will explore the different ways in which social interventions that aim at reducing criminality in young offenders provide utility. Social interventions for the reduction of crime can be described as taking the position that reducing crime can be at least partially understood by the interaction between individuals and their socio-cultural and natur al environments which are viewed as important in shaping options and choices for that person. Accordingly, crime and desistance from crime are reciprocally influenced by the conditions and contexts in which they occur (White Graham, 2015: p. 12). Unlike clinical and formal interventions, social interventions are focused on improving social aspects of the lives of youths, effectively discouraging young offenders from committing crimes and participating in delinquent or antisocial behaviour. The current project features an examination of the utility of social interventions that aim at the prevention of the re-incarceration of young offenders by decreasing the criminality of such offenders. Social Intervention and Legal Processes The processes, including social interventions, that young offenders experience after an arrest differ dramatically from area to area. Such processes are typically complicated and include various individuals who become responsible for ensuring that the proper interventions occur to help prevent future incarcerations. After an arrest, a number of juvenile justice stakeholders must decide how the youth is to be processed through the court system, if at all. Such stakeholders include officers of the court, attorneys, judges, magistrates, and other officials. The option to release a youth offender with no referral for intervention services is available, though often intervention of some sort is crucial in preventing future incarceration (Hawthorne et al., 2012). Meanwhile, there are various community-based services that offer an alternative to the traditional justice system route. A study by Petrosino, Turpin-Petrosino, and Guckenburg (2010) revealed that traditional juvenile court proc essing was likely to increase criminal behaviour compared to social and community-based interventions. There is, therefore, a prominent place in juvenile courts for social interventions. Rationale behind Social Intervention In general, there can be utility in any social intervention when it is executed correctly. The rationale behind social interventions is that by increasing social support, social inclusion, or the influence and availability of role models, young offenders have fewer opportunities to commit crimes or engage in deviant or antisocial behaviour and are discouraged from participating in such behaviour (Kelly, 2012). Simons and Burt (2011) revealed that persistent exposure to various adverse environmental and social conditions negatively contributed to increased incarceration rates among some youths. Such adverse environmental and social conditions include community crime, racial and socioeconomic discrimination, harsh and abusive parenting, deviant peer activities and poor neighborhood efficacy (Simons Burt, 2011). Thus, social interventions provide relief from the conditions that can encourage criminal activity, while encouraging positive behaviours. School-based Social Intervention School-based social interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing incarceration rates among at-risk youths and youth offenders. (Allen-Meares, Montgomery, Kim, 2013). School-based social interventions include after-school, extracurricular programmes that are sponsored by or held at local schools and colleges. Because such programmes are voluntary for most youths, it is typically a goal of school-based social programmes to launch campaigns to attract at-risk youths and keep retention rates high (Allen-Meares, Montgomery, Kim, 2013). Yet, for young offenders, school-based social interventions may be perceived as being extensions of mandatory school programmes. This can be off-putting to young offenders, especially those who have unsupportive or lack positive social circles. In large cities, young offenders can be required to participate in school-based programmes that are not their principal schools. This offers an opportunity for young offenders to connect socially wit h members of another school. After all, many students connect better with students from schools other than their own (Cooper, Allen, Bettez, 2009). In some cases, young offenders may even seek a transfer to the school in which they were assigned. The utility in school-based social interventions, therefore, is that they offer opportunities for young offenders to expand their social circles, replace their more deviant or less-supportive social circles, and even switch to a more compatible school. Each of these opportunities can set such young offenders on the right path and away from deviant and criminal behaviour. Community-based Social Intervention Community-based social interventions include a number of programmes and conditions. Many community-based social interventions involve public officials being responsible for young offenders, such that young offenders are required to periodically report to such officials. Barnes et al. (2010) investigated the effects of decreasing the intensity of community supervision for low-risk youth offenders. In Philadelphia, many youth offenders are required to participate in community supervision programmes in which the youths are monitored and supervised by community officials. One social programme in Philadelphia sought to identify low-risk youth offenders and decrease the intensity of such community supervision in the hope that by treating low-risk youths less like criminals will help reduce re-incarceration rates (Barnes et al., 2010). Barnes et al. (2010) relied on a random forecasting model to determine the severity of crimes committed by youths in Philadelphia. In all, 1,559 youth o ffenders were identified as being low-risk given the severity of their crimes committed. These offenders were randomly assigned to either the typical community supervision mandatory office visits or much fewer visits. Participants in the typical community supervision group were required an average of 4.5 probation visits per year compared to 2.4 for the participants in the low community supervision group (Barnes et al. 2010). The results of a one-year follow-up in which re-incarceration rates were measured, the researchers found that lower-intensity had no significant effect on re-incarceration rates. Thus, the researchers concluded that lower intensities of community supervision are required for low-risk youth offenders. The utility in community-based social interventions is the increased accountability that they require of the young offenders. However, as was shown in the Barnes et al. (2010) study, community-based social interventions can be very flexible and still remain effecti ve. Sports-based Social Intervention Sports programmes as social interventions for youth offenders have emerged as promising solutions to youth incarceration. Kelly (2011) argues that recent international enthusiasm for sports programmes as social interventions has increased substantially. Kelly (2011) holds that sports programmes can be viewed as encouraging social inclusion strategies, which increase the positive social involvement of youth and discourage youth participation in illegal activities and antisocial behaviour. Sports programmes have become increasingly included as part of various youth-targeted initiatives, especially for at-risk youth or past youth offenders. For example, Positive Futures is a social intervention programme that was developed in England and Wales to discourage antisocial and deviant activities by encouraging the youth to participate in various positive social activities, especially sports activities. In a study by Kelly (2011), the ways in which sports-based interventions promote soci al inclusion were examined.ÂÂ   The results revealed that all programmes achieved at least some degree of success, in terms of helping to prevent incarceration. However, many of the sport-based programmes had poor retention rates. Even so, some were able to obtain high retention rates for the programmes, ultimately keeping at-risk youth out of trouble.ÂÂ   It was revealed in this study that sports-based interventions risk legitimating a reductive analysis of these complex processes, highlighting individual deficits and de-emphasizing structural inequalities (Kelly, 2011: p. 139). Like most other social interventions, sport-based interventions must specifically seek to prevent antisocial and illicit behaviours, rather than simply providing a social refuge for youth (Kelly, 2011). Otherwise, there is a severe risk for low retention rates and ineffective intervention. In another study by Kelly (2012), sports-based social interventions in England were examined to determine their efficacy at reducing youth crime and antisocial behaviour.ÂÂ   The sports-based programmes in Kelly (2012) intended to help transform, particularly at-risk youths, by fostering supportive and mentoring relationships between the youths and their mentors. Effectively, the programmes providing youths with various sport-related alternative activities in controlled environments, while helping the youth handle adverse situations and deal with problems in an effective manner. Some of the participants in these programmes were assigned to the programmes by court officials, as parts of justice programmes. Kelly (2012) revealed that most of the programmes successfully transformed how participating youths deal with adverse situations and reduced antisocial behaviour. However, because this study was qualitative, the results were consequently, not quantitatively verifiable. Nevertheless, Kelly (2011; 2012) revealed that social intervention programmes, and sports-based social interventi on programmes in particular, can be effective at reducing incarceration in youths by not only providing such youths with alternative social activities, but perhaps more importantly providing social inclusion into peer groups and educating the at-risk youths on appropriate responses to problems. Multimodal Social Intervention Boisjoli, Vitaro, Lacourse, Barker, and Tremblay (2007) examined the effects of a two-year intervention programme for adolescent boys who have exhibited high levels of disruptive behaviour on the future criminal behaviour and academic performance of the boys. The two-year programme in this study involved multimodal intervention strategies to help prevent maladjustment for the adolescents. The researchers met with the students, as well as their parents and teachers to foster a positive social and educational environment for such students. The results of Boisioli et al. (2007) revealed that, compared to a control group, adolescents who participated in the two-year programme were significantly less likely to have a criminal record and significantly more likely to complete high school. The multimodal approach to social intervention may be the most effective, as it is highly inclusive of various types of social intervention, including school-based, community-based, and sport-based inter vention. The utility of multimodal social interventions is not only the sum of the utility of any included social intervention types. Rather, multimodal social interventions provide a much more holistic approach to criminality in young offenders. Such an approach may be ideal for at-risk youths who lack positive social circles and who have troubled family lives (Boisioli et al., 2007). Conclusion and Discussion The current project focuses on ways in which social interventions help prevent the re-incarceration of young offenders by decreasing the criminality in such offenders. Unlike clinical and formal interventions, social interventions tend to aim at improving the social aspects in the lives of young offenders, discouraging them from committing crimes and participating in delinquent or antisocial behaviour. In addition, social interventions provide relief from the conditions that can encourage criminal activity, while encouraging positive behaviours.ÂÂ   In fact, traditional juvenile court processes were likely to increase criminal behaviour compared to social and community-based interventions (Petrosino, Turpin-Petrosino, Guckenburg, 2010). School-based social interventions offer opportunities for young offenders to expand or replace their social circles and even switch to schools that are more suitable for them (Allen-Meares, Montgomery, Kim, 2013). In contrast, community-based social interventions increase accountability in young offenders (Barnes et al, 2010). Two studies by Kelly (2011; 2012) showed that sports-based social intervention programmes can be effective at reducing incarceration in youth by providing young offenders with alternative social activities and increasing their feelings of social inclusion. This project has featured an explanation of the many different types of social interventions and the utility of each. There are several common threads that seem to run through all or most of the types of social interventions. First, social interventions tend to provide many opportunities for young offenders to engage in positive and social activities, during which they cannot easily participate in deviant or criminal behaviour. Second, social interventions discourage deviance and criminal behaviour by encouraging involvement in positive social circles. Finally, social interventions tend to increase feelings of social inclusion among young off enders. Such feelings of social inclusion may discourage criminality by giving young offenders the belief that if they commit criminal acts, people that they care about will consequently be disappointed (Kelly, 2011). Social intervention can provide unique utility and complement other interventions, such as legal, formal, and clinical interventions. References Allen-Meares, P., Montgomery, K. L., Kim, J. S. (2013) School-based Social Work Interventions: A Cross-national Systematic Review. Social work, 58(3), pp.253-262. Boisjoli, R., Vitaro, F., Lacourse, E., Barker, E. and Tremblay, R. (2007) Impact and clinical significance of a preventive intervention for disruptive boys. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, pp.415-419. Barnes, G. C., Ahlman, L., Gill, C., Sherman, L. W., Kurtz, E., Malvestuto, R. (2010) Low-intensity Community Supervision for Low-Risk Offenders: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 6(2), pp.159-189. Cooper, C. W., Allen, R. M., Bettez, S. C. (2009) Forming Culturally Responsive Learning Communities in Demographically Changing Schools. The handbook of leadership and professional learning communities, 103-114. Farrall, S., Bottoms, A., Shapland, J. (2010) Social Structures and Desistance from Crime. European Journal of Criminology, 7(6), pp.546-570. Hawthorne, W. B., Fo lsom, D. P., Sommerfeld, D. H., Lanouette, N. M., Lewis, M., Aarons, G. A., Jeste, D. V. (2012) Incarceration among Adults who are in the Public Mental Health System: Rates, Risk Factors, and Short-term Outcomes. Psychiatric Services, 63(1), pp.26-32. Kelly, L. (2011) Social Inclusion through Sports-based Interventions? Critical Social Policy, 31(1), pp.126-150. Kelly, L. (2012) Sports-based interventions and the local governance of youth crime and antisocial behavior. Journal of Sport Social Issues, 2, pp.1-27. Petrosino, A., Guckenburg, S., Turpin-Petrosino, C. (2010) Formal System Processing of Juveniles: Effects on Delinquency: A Systematic Review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6(1), pp.1-80. Simons, R. L., Burt, C. H. (2011) Learning to Be Bad: Adverse Social Conditions, Social Schemas, and Crime. Criminology, 49(2), pp.553-598. Spinhoven, P., Elzinga, B. M., Hovens, J. G., Roelofs, K., Zitman, F. G., van Oppen, P., Penninx, B. W. (2010) The Specificity of C hildhood Adversities and Negative Life Events across the Life Span to Anxiety and Depressive Disorders. Journal of affective disorders, 126(1), pp.103-112. White, R., Graham, H. (2015) Greening Justice: Examining the Interfaces of Criminal, Social and Ecological Justice. British Journal of Criminology, 55(5), pp.1-21.

The Ugliness of War in Wilfred Owens Dulce et Decorum...

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Analysis and Refection of Malaysian Financial Crisis

Question: Discuss about the Analysis and Refection of Malaysian Financial Crisis. Answer: Introduction: I have done the analysis of the financial scandal of Bank Bumiputera which was one of the biggest financial scandal in history of Malaysia. It is the second largest bank in South East Asia and was involved heavily in lending to Hong Kong Chinese property and was also involved in extending credit to real estate business. Scandal was extended to Mahathir administration and all the important decisions are made with the consent of central bank and Finance ministry. I ascertained that Bad loans were issued in millions by Bank Bumiputera along with its offshore subsidiary to property speculators in Hong Kong. Near about US $ 1 billion costs the scandal and it also involved the murder of auditor of Bank Bumi (Malaysianbar.org 2017). Despite the weakening of property market, bank continued to extend credit and loan advances to real estate. Discussion: Role of Regulatory Bodies: Collapse of several companies and occurrence of financial scandal such as that happened in bank Bumiputera is due to the regulatory agencies ineffectiveness in legal enforcement, protecting minority shareholders and punishment to those involved in scandal. Activities of company are regulated by the regulatory regime. Capital market in Malaysia is governed by proper legislative and regulatory regime. Malaysian Securities commission has enforcement and investigative powers that has an important role to play in the event of any corporate fraud. Companies can be prosecuted for committing fraudulent acts (Gee 2016). Regulatory framework developed by the government of Malaysia has a role in prevention of such scandal as background checking and overseeing the offshore financial institutions. Any financial offense would be guarded by internal compliance program. Such framework requires the financial institutions to file any suspicious transaction report and that would be subjected to some la w enforcement agencies. Role of media as Societal Guardian: Media plays an important role in informing the public about goings in the financial institutions and this is especially in case when public in response demands some significant changes. They help in gathering information for over a long period as in the case of bank Bumi scandal. Some of the investigation done by media in this regard had led to radical cleaning up of the Group (Ahmad 2016). Some of the findings investigated by media have led to the exit of non-executive director of bank. Media supply the citizens with information that they must have for preventing the abuse of power of the financial institutions such as banks. Media has suggested and have shed some light on the complexity of prime minister in the scandal and this have been classified by the documents from Americas central intelligence agency. Report presented by media how the bank and its offshore subsidiary approved billion in bad loans to numerous (Rianti and Sari 2014). They informed about the total loss incurred by bank as hundreds of millions of dollars had disappeared into thin air. Role of Civil Society Groups for Check and Balance: Civil society when empowering the check and balances in the event of demanding of the state accountability. Accountability of the organization such as banks are highly affected the civil society. Accountable governance along with the vertical dimension is encouraged by civil society. They encourage acting by overall institute, weakens, and targets the entrenched opponents of accountability by raising public standards and expectation, exposing abuses of power and expectation of public for state performance. Horizontal accountability is influenced by civil society by empowering and encouraging creation of institutional check and balances (Vithiatharan and Gomez 2014). If there is no adequate check and balances, the minimum condition of legislative framework and regimes can remain incomplete and weak. Sanction or limitation of abusing of power by financial institution such as bank Bumi requires the public exposure. Exercising of power is bounded to some specific benchmark standards by w ay of promoting accountability (Rahman and Muhamad 2013). Bad Corporate Behavior and Societal Apathy: Billions of los that resulted from the financial scandal of Bank Bumi was due to fraudulent and irregular lending practice. Chairperson of Bumiputera Malaysia Finance had to face legal battle as he was accused of committing an act of blatant intimidation. He was accused of behaving illegally as funds was used in questionable way. Recommendation and Conclusion: From the above discussion, it can be concluded that financial scandal of the government owned Malaysian bank hampered its reputation as one of the biggest bank in South East Asia. I have made some of the recommendation that can be made to avoid occurrence of such massive financial scandal that are listed below: Auditing of public companies such as Bumiputera bank should be made a federal function. This would guarantee the independency of the accountability of the suspicious transactions. There should be annual examination of financial statement of company by external party. Accounting functions of organization should be segregated, as this would enable the management to prevent fraud by reducing fraud incentive. There should be proper authorization of transactions in order to ensure that staffs and members are not exceeding their authority. There should be an installation of anonymous reporting mechanism. There should be performance of background and check references that would involve credit licensing an employment of all new hires. Reference: Ahmad, K., 2016. Category Archives: History.Thinking. Gee, J., 2016. Malaysia's Prime Minister: Challenges Abroad, Consolidation at Home.The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs,35(6), p.54. Malaysianbar.org.my. (2017).The Malaysian Bar - Lorrain breaks his silence. [online] Available at: https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/news_features/lorrain_breaks_his_silence.html [Accessed 15 Apr. 2017]. Rahman, A.H.A. and Muhamad, S.F., 2013. Corporate governance and firms cash holding in Malaysia. Rianti, N.L.P.A.E. and Sari, M.M.R., 2014. Karakteristik Komite Audit dan Audit Delay.E-Jurnal Akuntansi,6(3), pp.498-508. Vithiatharan, V. and Gomez, E.T., 2014. Politics, economic crises and corporate governance reforms: regulatory capture in Malaysia.Journal of Contemporary Asia,44(4), pp.599-615.